Airspeed indicator

The airspeed indicator or airspeed gauge is an instrument used in an aircraft to display the craft's airspeed, typically in knots, to the pilot.




The airspeed indicator is used by the pilot during all phases of flight, from take-off, climb, cruise, descent and landing in order to maintain airspeeds specific to the aircraft type and operating conditions as specified in the Operating Manual.

During instrument flight, the airspeed indicator is used in addition to the Artificial horizon as an instrument of reference for pitch control during climbs, descents and turns.

The airspeed indicator is also used in dead reckoning, where time, speed, and bearing are used for navigation in the absence of aids such asNDBs, VORs or GPS.

The airspeed indicator is especially important for monitoring V-Speeds while operating an aircraft. However, in large aircraft, V-speeds can vary considerably depending on airfield elevation, temperature and aircraft weight. For this reason the coloured ranges found on the ASIs of light aircraft are not used - instead the instrument has a number of moveable pointers known as bugswhich may be preset by the pilot to indicate appropriate V-speeds for the current conditions

Along with the altimeter and vertical speed indicator, the airspeed indicator is a member of thepitot-static system of aviation instruments, so named because they operate by measuring pressure in the pitot and static circuits.

Airspeed indicators work by measuring the difference between static pressure, captured through one or more static ports; and stagnation pressure due to "ram air", captured through a pitot tube. This difference in pressure due to ram air is called impact pressure.

The static ports are located on the exterior of the aircraft, at a location chosen to detect the prevailing atmospheric pressure as accurately as possible, that is, with minimum disturbance from the presence of the aircraft. Some aircraft have static ports on both sides of the fuselage or empennage, in order to more accurately measure static pressure during slips and skids. Aerodynamic slips and skids cause either or both static ports and pitot tube(s) to present themselves to the relative wind in other than basic forward motion. Thus, alternative placement on some aircraft.

Icing is a problem for pitot tubes when the air temperature is below freezing and visible moisture is present in the atmosphere, as when flying through cloud or precipitation. Electrically heated pitot tubes are used to prevent ice forming over the tube.

The airspeed indicator and altimeter will be rendered inoperative by blockage in the static system. To avoid this problem, most aircraft intended for use in instrument meteorological conditions are equipped with an alternate source of static pressure. In unpressurised aircraft, the alternate static source is usually achieved by opening the static pressure system to the air in the cabin. This is less accurate, but is still workable. In pressurised aircraft, the alternate static source is a second set of static ports on the skin of the aircraft, but at a different location to the primary source.

TERRAIN

State-of the-art on terrain functions

The state-of-the-art on terrain function are TAWS products following the TSO-C151b. They provide terrain detection and vertical manoeuvre avoidance thanks to the use of a terrain database. The typical terrain presentation on-board aircraft is displayed on the figure below.

TAWS display
This figure is to be compared to future NG ISS Terrain displays

The presentation of terrain and its interpretation by the crew is today limited by current aircraft display and databus design. Future evolution will require new technology to enhance the terrain situational awareness provided to the crew during all phases of flight.
Obstacle function is available in some TAWS products with limits in terms of coverage and quality (e.g. the linear and volumic obstacle are not taken into account in the algorithms). No specific representations of obstacles are available today in the TAWS displays

Primary Flight Display (PFD)

A primary flight display or PFD is a modern aircraft instrument dedicated to flight information. Much like multi-function displays, primary flight displays are built around an LCD or CRT display device. Representations of older six pack or "steam gauge" instruments are combined on one compact display, simplifying pilot workflow and streamlining cockpit layouts.

 

Mechanical gauges have not been completely eliminated from the cockpit with the onset of the PFD; they are retained for backup purposes in the event of total electrical failure.


While the PFD does not directly use the pitot-static system to physically display flight data, it still uses the system to make altitude, airspeed, vertical speed, and other measurements precisely using air pressure and barometric readings. An air data computer analyzes the information and displays it to the pilot in a readable format. A number of manufacturers produce PFDs, varying slightly in appearance and functionality, but the information is displayed to the pilot in a similar fashion.

The center of the PFD usually contains an attitude indicator (AI), which gives the pilot information about the aircraft's pitch and roll characteristics, and the orientation of the aircraft with respect to the horizon. Unlike a traditional attitude indicator, however, the mechanical gyroscope is not contained within the panel itself, but is rather a separate device whose information is simply displayed on the PFD. The attitude indicator is designed to look very much like traditional mechanical AI's. Other information that may or may not appear on or about the attitude indicator can include the stall angle, a runway diagram, ILS localizer and glide-path “needles”, and so on. Unlike mechanical instruments, this information can be dynamically updated as required; the stall angle, for example, can be adjusted in real time to reflect the calculated critical angle of attack of the aircraft in its current configuration (airspeed, etc.). The PFD may also show an indicator of the aircraft's future path (over the next few seconds), as calculated by onboard computers, making it easier for pilots to anticipate aircraft movements and reactions.To the left and right of the attitude indicator are usually the airspeed and altitude indicators, respectively. The airspeed indicator displays the speed of the aircraft in knots, while the altitude indicator displays the aircraft's altitude above mean sea level (AMSL). These measurements are conducted through the aircraft's pitot system, which tracks air pressure measurements. As in the PFD's attitude indicator, these systems are merely displayed data from the underlying mechanical systems, and do not contain any mechanical parts (unlike an aircraft's airspeed indicator and altimeter). Both of these indicators are usually presented as vertical “tapes”, which scroll up and down as altitude and airspeed change. Both indicators may often have “bugs”, that is, indicators that show various important speeds and altitudes, such as V speeds calculated by a flight management system, do-not-exceed speeds for the current configuration, stall speeds, selected altitudes and airspeeds for the autopilot, and so on.
The vertical speed indicator, usually next to the altitude indicator, indicates to the pilot how fast the aircraft is ascending or descending, or the rate at which the altitude changes. This is usually represented with numbers in "thousands of feet per minute." For example, a measurement of "+2" indicates an ascent of 2000 feet per minute, while a measurement of "-1.5" indicates a descent of 1500 feet per minute. There may also be a simulated needle showing the general direction and magnitude of vertical movement.
At the bottom of the PFD is the heading display, which shows the pilot the magnetic heading of the aircraft. This functions much like a standard magnetic heading indicator, turning as required. Often this part of the display shows not only the current heading, but also the current track (actual path over the ground), current heading setting on the autopilot, and other indicators.
Other information displayed on the PFD includes navigational marker information, bugs (to control the autopilot), ILS glideslope indicators, course deviation indicators, altitude indicator QFE settings, and much more.

Jonathan Patrick Foo

Jonathan Patrick Foo

30 October 1982 (1982-10-30) (age 28)

London, England

Years active: 2004 - present

Jon Foo (born Jonathan Patrick Foo, 30 October 1982) is an English actor, martial artist and stuntman of mixed Chinese and Irish descent.

Early life

Jon was born in London to a Chinese father from Singapore, and an Irish mother from England, which is also where he grew up. His siblings include a little sister and two half-sisters from his father's side. His family constantly relocated as he grew up. His father practices karate and his mother practices judo. He started learning kung fu when he was eight years old but he began serious training for wushu when he was 15. He currently lives in Los Angeles.
Acting and stunt career

Being a practitioner of Wushu, he has starred in Tom-Yum-Goong (US title: The Protector), Batman Begins, House of Fury, Left for Dead, and Life (Shi cha qi xiao shi). He also does stunts for other actors. He is best known for playing the role of Jin Kazama in the 2010 live action movie Tekken. He also received a role as Ryu in the short film Street Fighter: Legacy.

He also starred in Universal Soldier: Regeneration (2010) as one of the first generation soldiers. He is set to appear in a Thai martial arts-basketball film Fireball Begins, which is a prequel to the first film, Fireball.

Filmography

    * Left for Dead (2004) - Street Fighter #3
    * Life, Translated (2004) - Brian
    * Tom-Yum-Goong (2005) - Wushu Fighter (as Jonathan Patrick Foo)
    * Batman Begins (2005) - as League of Shadows Warrior (uncredited)
    * House of Fury (2005) - Sam Shan
    * The Myth (2005) - extra / stunt performer (uncredited)
    * Jagoan Bouginville (2009) - Yosia si reman marsud
    * Universal Soldier: Regeneration (2010) - UniSol 2
    * Tekken (2010) - Jin Kazama
    * Street Fighter: Legacy (2010) - Ryu [2]
    * Fireball Begins (2010) Pre-production
    * Dragonball (2012) - Son Goku Pre-production

 References:

   1. "Jon Foo: The Tekken star is a funny guy". http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=596616&publicationSubCategoryId=70.
   2. Mike Fahey. "This Could Be The Best Street Fighter Film Ever Created". http://www.kotaku.com.au/2010/05/this-could-be-the-best-street-fighter-film-ever-created.

External links:

    * Jon Foo at the Internet Movie Database
    * Official website

Categories: 1982 births | Living people | Actors from London | English film actors | British stunt performers | British wushu practitioners | British actors of Chinese descent | English people of Irish descent | English expatriates in the United States

Via IMDb:

Biography for Jon Foo »

Date of Birth: 30 October 1982
Birth Name: Jonathan Patrick Foo
Height: 5'8" (173 cm)
Trivia
He grew up in London.
He joined the circus when he was 15.
He trained at the Shichahai school of martial arts in Beijing.
He began his acting career in 2004.
He joined the Jacky Chan stunt team when he was 22.
He left school to become a stuntman.

 

*FUNFARE UPDATE By: Ricardo F. Lo The Philippine Star Updated 

Jon Foo: The Tekken star is a funny guy

East and west beautifully meet in Jon Foo, the Eurasian wushu artist who plays Jin Kazama in Tekken, the movie version of the popular video game. His father is Chinese, from Singapore, and his mother is Irish, from London, where Jon grew up. He currently lives in Los Angeles.

“I’m a mix-match, a foreigner in every country, but a happy combination of the east and the west,” admitted Jon in an exclusive one-on-one with Funfare late Saturday night at his suite at EDSA Shangri-La Hotel, barely three hours after he flew in from Thailand where he’s shooting a movie called Rebirth, jointly produced by French and Thai companies. He’s here for just 50 hours to drum up for Tekken The Movie which opens nationwide on Aug. 4 (released by Pioneer Films, the same company behind the megahit Twilight Saga flicks). He’s flying back to Thailand today to resume shooting for Rebirth.

“I’ve been meaning to come but I never had an excuse,” disclosed Jon, a first-time Philippine visitor, “for vacation and a lot of other things. I’ve been hearing about your beautiful beaches but it’s a pity I don’t have enough time to visit one. Next time maybe.”

He described Rebirth as “an interesting movie which is kind of ridiculous.” Why so? “Well,” he continued laughing, “it’s about a guy who gets shot in the head and loses all emotion. I play that guy. Towards the end of the movie, he recovers from his injury and then…” Suspense! “No, it’s not inspired by another video game like Tekken; it’s an original story based on nonsense.” He laughed again, as if the joke was on him. “Yes, it has a lot of action. I’ll make sure the action is good. That’s all I can do.”

How does he prepare for physically challenging roles like those in Tekken and Rebirth?

“I’ve been doing wushu for 15 years and that’s good enough training. All I have to do is maintain my condition. I just do a few weights, jump rope and do some cardio back-up exercise.”

Jon was pleasantly surprised when he was met by excited fans when he arrived at the NAIA. Pioneer producer Wilson Que saw to it that there were “Welcome to Manila, Jon Foo!” placards. Jon was elated to learn that millions of young Filipinos are crazy about the Tekken video game which is about streetfighters now on its sixth edition.

“It was a lovely welcome. I knew how popular the game is, so when someone told me that a company was making a movie version, I said I was interested to be in it. I was a bit shocked when they offered me the lead because until then, the most that I usually did were small fight scenes.”

Aside from doing stunts for other actors, Jon has done small roles in about a dozen films, including Universal Soldier: Regeneration and Batman Begins (as a League of Shadows Warrior, uncredited), plus other mostly martial-arts-themed flicks.

Before the Tekken shoot, Jon said he carefully studied how Jin Kazama and the other characters work and did a lot of research on the game.

“Then they developed a story around Jin Kazama and when I got to the set, everything was like a blank canvas to me, so I just did what I was told to do since I’m a new guy.”

What is it about Jin Kazama that Jon identifies with?

“Having no money,” he said deadpan, and then he laughed again.

But doesn’t he have more than enough money now?

“Not having money is something that has been recurring in my life. It happens from time to time.”

Is Jin Zakama a principled guy?

“No, he’s not. His morals are not very good. He was small when his mother dies and he tries to get over that by going into a revenge mode and nothing else matters. He joins the the world’s largest tournament for tekken and fights all the different countries’ martial arts. Tekken is a Japanese word that means ‘iron’ (tek) and ‘fist’ (ken).”

Most of Tekken followers are young, impressionable people. Whether he likes it or not, Jon is a role model to them. What responsibility does he think goes with it?

“I’ve never thought about it.”

Jon has a little sister and two half-sisters (father side). He grew up in northwest London.

“Our family travelled a lot; we kept on moving around. Why? I don’t know why. Maybe because my parents were hippies. We’ve lived in so many different places. It’s good because I got to meet all kinds of people. That way, I’ve learned independence at an early age. My dad does karate and my mom does judo, so that’s I got interested in martial arts. I started doing kung fu when I was eight but I didn’t begin seriously training for wushu until I was 15.”

Asked if he idolizes Bruce Lee, the icon of martial arts, Jon said, “He was dead before I was born.” Lee died under mysterious circumstances in 1973.

And how does he maintain his wushu body?

“It doesn’t take much, really. I hardly work out. It’s easy for me to get back in shape. Diet? I eat whatever I want. I load up on protein. My favorite food is chicken rice. I must get at least eight hours of sleep per night. How do I unwind?” Yes, how? “I get drunk!” That made him laugh and laugh again. Very relaxing! And how does he act when he’s drunk…does he challenge people to a fight? “I’m not a violent person. When I’m drunk, I sing.” Ordinarily, he qualified, “I guess I’m generally clean-living.”

Talk about girls. What qualities does he want in a girl?

“I like creative and motivated type of girls. Sporty, athletic. I like big tits and nice legs.”

He confessed that he’s single.

“I’m busy working, going around the world, so I can’t go into a serious relationship. But when I’m not working, I have fun going to parties, or just going out.”

He blushed when asked what’s the last thing he does before he goes to sleep and the first thing he does when he wakes up.

“I shower before I sleep and I shower again as soon as I wake up. Didn’t I tell you I’m clean-living? Hahahaha!”

Any real-life hero he’d like to meet?

“Oh yes,” his eyes lit up, “I’d love to meet Manny Pacquiao. Maybe I can get some pointers from him. Could you introduce me to him?”

They would make a good match, Jon doing wushu and Pacquiao doing boxing.

 

Healthy Tips (Self Healing With Music)

Self Healing With Music

Sejak zaman dahulu, musik sudah digunakan untuk melalukan terapi kesehatan dan penyembuhan. Zaman Yunani kuno, para tabib mengobati pasiennya dengan memperdengarkan musik yang berasal dari alat musik tiup, flute. Bahkan salah seorang peneliti Skotlandia, Maxwell berhasil menyembuhkan penyakit epilepsi, impotensi dan beberapa penyakit serius lain dengan memainkan alat musik.

Anda pasti penasaran bagaimana musik memiliki efek yang begitu besar pada kesehatan. Hal itu karena secara psikologis musik mempengaruhi pusat penerimaan sinyal pada saraf, sehingga akan merespon rangsangan yang diberikan melalui musik. Dan saat itulah pusat saraf akan bereaksi dan mengeluarkan zat substansi. Zat itulah yang bisa membuat tubuh lebih sehat.

Menurut penelitian yang dilakukan oleh peneliti dari Maryland School of Medicine, musik memiliki dampak positif bagi sirkulasi darah. Penelitian melibatkan 10 orang yang sehat dan diperdengarkan berbagai musik. Hasilnya beberapa minggu kemudian menurut pemeriksaan medis para aliran dari para responden menjadi lebih lancar dari sebelumnya. Menurut peneliti, untuk jenis musik yang berpengaruh pada kesehatan adalah musik klasik dan musik etnik.

Menurut peneliti Amerika, R. N. Singh mendengarkan kompilasi musik klasik dapat memicu produksi melatonin. Yaitu hormon yang memiliki sifat antioksidan yang kuat. Radikal bebas yang terbentuk dalam tubuh manusia atau yang didapatkan dari luar tubuh bisa dinetralisir oleh melatonin.

Berikut beberapa musik klasik yang bisa Anda dengarkan untuk menjaga kesehatan Anda. Piano Concerto oleh Beethoven, Laudate Dominum (Psalm 116) oleh Mozart, Moonlight oleh Debussy, Symphony No. 2 oleh Rachmaninoff, Romantic Pan Flute oleh Zamfir, dan Oboe Concerto oleh Vivaldi.

Dengarkanlah musik-musik tersebut secara teratur menjelang tidur dan dapatkan khasiatnya.

Source by: (berbagai sumber)

Body Works (Hanya 30 Detik, Bakar Kalor Tanpa Diet)

Hanya 30 Detik, Bakar Kalor Tanpa Diet

Rumah yang kotor, tidak hanya tak sedap dipandang, tapi juga bisa memicu berbagai penyakit. Karena itu, jangan menunggu debu menumpuk, lalu menjadi sarang penyakit. Dengan meluangkan waktu luang, Anda bisa mulai membersihkan rumah. Hasilnya, tak hanya rumah yang terlihat bersih, tubuh pun semakin bugar setelah melakukan aktivitas bersih-bersih di rumah.

Aktivitas menyapu, mengepel, menyedot debu, dan menggosok lantai serta dinding toilet memang terdengar melelahkan. Namun, menurut studi, melakukan bersih-bersih rumah itu menyehatkan. Melakukan aktivitas bersih-bersih bisa dijadikan sebagai pengganti aktivitas berolahraga.

Dalam penelitiannya, ahli fisik Nicole Keith di Indiana University, menyatakan makin sering membersihkan rumah justru semakin banyak manfaat kesehatan yang bisa diraih. Penelitian jangka panjang sejak 2000, melibatkan 998 orang Afrika dan Amerika antara usia 49 dan 65 tahun yang tinggal di St Louis, Missouri.

Hasilnya, setiap aktivitas fisik yang Anda lakukan saat membersihkan rumah sangat bermanfaat untuk kesehatan tubuh. Hanya 30 menit dapat membuat perbedaan besar bagi kesehatan dan rumah Anda. Apa saja aktivitas itu? Berikut ini sejumlah aktivitas di rumah dengan jumlah kalori yang bisa dibakar dalam waktu 30 menit.

- Mengepel lantai membakar 112 kalori
- Menggosok kamar mandi membakar 200 kalori
- Merapikan tempat tidur membakar 130 kalori
- Membersihkan jendela membakar 125 kalori
- Menyedot debu membakar 90 kalori
- Mencuci mobil 180 kalori

Jika sudah tahu manfaatnya, tak perlu repot-repot diet ketat untuk merampingkan badan, dengan bersih-bersih rumah, Anda bisa mengurangi lemak berlebih dalam tubuh.

Source by: (berbagai sumber)

Jangan Sepelekan Vertigo!

Pada umumnya sehabis tidur nyenyak semalaman, tubuh akan terasa segar kembali. Rasa lesu dan capek pun hilang. Sebaliknya, kalau saat bangun tidur kepala justru terasa pusing atau berputar (sehingga mengakibatkan tubuh sempoyongan saat kita mencoba berjalan), lalu disertai rasa mual, jangan-jangan ada yang salah di bagian kepala kita.

Gejala sempoyongan biasanya dihubungkan dengan gangguan pada sistem keseimbangan yang sering terjadi disebut vertigo.

Selain karena gangguan pada organ telinga, vertigo bisa juga muncul karena gangguan pada mata atau leher. Misalnya, ukuran lensa antara mata kiri dan kanan berbeda jauh. Atau terjadi gangguan pada sumbu mata, sehingga penglihatan menjadi rangkap.

Penderitaan karena vertigo pada umumnya tidak seberat itu, kecuali kalau penyebabnya serius, seperti awal stroke atau tumor. Namun, begitu diketahui penyebabnya, dengan obat tertentu gejala mudah dihilangkan.

Penyebab vertigo terbanyak karena adanya gangguan pada leher. Misalnya, tulang dan otot berfungsi sebagai struktur penyangga atau pendukung leher. Maka pengapuran pada tulang leher mudah menimbulkan ketegangan pada otot leher yang pada gilirannya akan memunculkan gejala vertigo.

Kasus vertigo karena gangguan leher, selain diatasi dengan obat, juga dengan fisioterapi berupa latihan relaksasi untuk daerah leher. Kalau perlu dilakukan traksi (otot-otot yang kaku ditarik) agar ruas yang menyempit bisa dipulihkan.

Bagaimana dengan timbulnya vertigo yang melibatkan organ otak sentral? Selain akibat cedera atau memar pada kepala belakang, ini bisa terjadi karena suplai darah ke otak berkurang atau tidak lancar. Bila aliran darah ke otak kecil kurang dari 50 ml/detik, maka seseorang akan mengalami vertigo, yang apabila tidak segera ditanggulangi bisa menimbulkan stroke.

Padahal pemeriksaan dengan alat canggih MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) akan mengungkap jelas apakah penderita benar mengalami gangguan pada pembuluh darah otak. Dengan obat pelancar aliran darah gangguan akan segera teratasi, sambil terus dipantau apakah gangguan kambuh kembali.

Penting dicatat, bila kita berkali-kali merasakan sempoyongan, jelaskan secara rinci kepada dokter bagaimana riwayat pusing kita itu. Dengan demikian dokter dapat menggolongkan, vertigo kita termasuk berat atau ringan. Kasus ringan (walaupun gejalanya belum tentu ringan) kebanyakan tidak menimbulkan kerusakan pada organ tubuh. Ambil contoh vertigo karena stres.

Penderita bisa saja mengalami gejala kepala berputar tujuh keliling sampai muntah-muntah. Namun begitu stres dapat dihilangkan, gejala akan sirna.

Jangan sepelekan jika Anda merasakan gejala-gejala di atas.

Source by: ghiboo.com